An Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Black Cat

Brittany White Mrs. Bey English 1101 1 April 2015 A Day in the Life Edgar Allan Poe is a very talked about writer. He has a dark, mysterious, gothic writing style. Poe was a troubled man that struggled in a lot of different areas in his life. It is believed that all of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories were connected to his tragic life events. â€Å"The Black Cat† is one of Edgar’s well-known short stories. It is about a man that endured a series of tragic events. This man was very feminine and his lack of masculinity soon got the best of him. One day the man began to hurt all of his animals and even his wife, but not the black cat. He thought by acting this way it would prove his manliness. The man’s liking to alcohol consumed him and he then murdered his favorite cat, he felt somewhat remorse the next day. After a brutal house fire, a new cat came out of the shadows and became the new house pet. The cat was symbolic to the first in a variety of ways. This cat, however, favored the wife and this annoyed th e man to the point of murdering the cat, but his wife intervened. The man’s anger got the best of him and he killed his wife with an axe to the head and walled her up. Little did he know he also walled up the cat, which led to his downfall in the end. Edgar Allan Poe s life influenced the writing of The Black Cat and gave it meaning because of three tragedies in his life: Alcoholism, public and private relationships, and death and loss. These things played a huge factor inShow MoreRelatedSupernatural Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesgoodreads.com/quotes/tag/supernatural. B. Background information (titles, authors, book information, definitions, etc.) â€Å"The Black Cat† by Edgar Allan Poe: as the narrator slips into insanity, his grasp on rheality falters, and images, dreams, and unnatural emotions lead to murder and animal cruelty. â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† by Washington Irving: Gothic Literature Definition- â€Å"a genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernaturalRead MoreThe Father Of The Detective Story1593 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Father of the Detective Story†: How Edgar Allan Poe Developed and Influenced the Detective Fiction Genre Edgar Allan Poe has become a household name in the literary world. His unique writing style has earned him much-deserved respect and recognition. Poe s poetry and short story oeuvre follows a consistent, melancholy theme of death and darkness that has captured and haunted readers for years (Baym, et al. 683). Perhaps his most legendary contribution to literature is his creation of theRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasting ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesis; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRe ad MoreAnalysing the Black Cat Using Labovs Narrative Structure5713 Words   |  23 Pagesthe elements of Labov’s Narrative Structure 2. discuss the way Edgar Allen Poe structured his short story to form the elements of tragedy, mystery and terror as presented in the short story In completing the task, I will use Labov’s Narrative Theory to conduct narrative analysis of the short story, The Black Cat written by Edgar Allan Poe. The structure of this essay begins with the introduction to narrative and narrative analysis. The second part develops in the literature review where I willRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Is An Incredibly Established American Author.964 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an incredibly established American author. His writing style is easily identifiable due to his unique characterization and conspicuous usage of elevated vocabulary. Some of Poe’s pieces incorporate a character whom has committed a crime and is revealing to the readers how and why he committed it. It is not always explicitly started what motivates the individual to enact his crime; this enables the audience to look deeper into the story. The way Poe can place himself in a criminalRead More Comparing Symbols and Symbolism in Blue Hotel, Black Cat, Night, Al fred Prufrock, Red Wheelbarrow1620 Words   |  7 PagesColor Symbolism in Blue Hotel,  Black Cat, Night,  Alfred Prufrock,  Red Wheelbarrow      Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism of colors is evident in much of literature. The Blue Hotel by Stephen Crane, The Black Cat of Edgar Allan Poe, Night by William Blake, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, and The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams encompass examples of color symbolism from both the prose and the poetry of literature. When drawing from various modes of psychology, interpretationsRead MoreThe Black Cat And The Tell Tale3559 Words   |  15 PagesRegarded in the literary world as the architect of impeccably crafted short stories and poems, Edgar Allan Poe revitalized American literature. He was a main author in the nineteenth century during the movement of European literature. He is recognized as one of the leading progenitors of modern literature, in both horror and mystery fiction, and in its more complex and self-conscious form, which represent the essential artistic manner of the twenty century. He investigated the profound corners ofRead MoreEdgar All an Poe : A Gothic Romanticism Or Dark Romanticist1562 Words   |  7 Pages Edgar Allan Poe is often considered one of the most famous, influential writers of the 19th century, and even today he is still revered for his more famous works, which are still taught and studied in schools and universities around the United States. His work is considered to be heavily influenced by the many hardships he faced during his lifetime, which can be seen in almost all of his poems or short stories. Poe is considered a gothic romanticism or dark romanticist, due to his fascination ofRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 PagesCzech Republic on May 6, 1856. Freud was an intelligent man who developed psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis is known as a method through which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the dreams and fantasies of the patients. Nathaniel Hawthorne s writing tends to incorporate this type of thinking within his writings. Sigmund Freud’s theor ies on child sexuality, libido and the ego, among other topics, were said to be some of the most influential concepts of the 20th century. Sigmund Freud believedRead More An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Psychological Thriller Essay3707 Words   |  15 PagesAn Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes Psychological Thriller Outline I. Prelude II. Brief introduction to Adgar Allan Poe 1. 1. Allan Poes Life 2. 2. Allan Poes Works and Literary Achievement III. Adgar Allan Poe -- A Post-Gothic Writer 1. 1. Gothic Introduction 2. 2. Analysis of Two Horror 1) 1) The Fall of the House of Usher a) a) Setting b) b) Characters c) c) Point of View 2) 2) The Masque of the Red Death a) a) Setting b) b) Characters

BugUSA, Inc. †Case Scenario business law 1 - 2102 Words

BugUSA, Inc. - Case ScenarioThis scenario presents the case of BugUSA, Inc.; as a team, we endeavor to address the legal ramifications of each companys activities. BugUSA, Inc. has legal rights to intellectual property protection, and this paper explores the options available within that realm. WIRETAP, Inc. will face civil liability claims if caught in its underhanded measures, and possibly a civil RICO suit; BugUSAs security guard Walter, however, has also created a case against its own interests. When another company owns the rights to a web domain that suits BugUSAs needs, it faces the challenge of how to acquire the domain with as little hassle and as much protection as possible. A robbed vendor may present new tort liabilities for†¦show more content†¦In Steves case, both were committed. First, WIRETIME committed fraud by sending one of their employees to be hired by BugUSA, Inc. in order to gain inside access to the company. Secondly, Steve intercepted certain emails by using his hacking ability and broke his confidentiality agreement by giving WIRETIME information that was probably confidential. The last civil liability WIRETIME might face is interference with prospective advantage. Since WIRETIME intentionally interfered by stealing certain information, BugUSA, Inc. could argue that they lost an advantage in their industry because of information that was placed into the wrong hands. In order for WIRETIME to be liable, BugUSA, Inc. would have to prove that they had an advantage and that the advantage was lost by the illegal actions of one of their competitors. C. Walter, a security guard for BugUSA, learns that Steve really works for WIRETIME. Walter takes Steve to a small soundproof room where he keeps him for six hours. During this time, Walter continues to ask Steve what he is doing at BugUSA and what information he has given WIRETIME. Walter tells Steve that he will hurt him if he does not tell him everything. Steve finally tells Walter what he wants to know. Walter then lets Steve go home. Has Walter committed any torts? If so, explain. Discuss any liability BugUSA may have for Walters actions. Walter has committed at leastShow MoreRelatedBUGusa Inc. Worksheet1168 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ October 21, 2013 LAW/421 University of Phoenix Material BUGusa, Inc., Worksheet Use the scenarios in the Bugusa, Inc., link located on the student website to answer the following questions. Scenario: WIRETIME, Inc., Advertisement Has WIRETIME, Inc., committed any torts? If so, explain. WIRETIME has committed Defamation in the form of trade libel against BUGusa, Inc. by taking out a print ad in an industry magazine (University of Phoenix, 2013). According toRead MoreContract and Electronic Reserve Readings. Essay2348 Words   |  10 Pages | | |School of Business | | |LAW/421 Version 1 | | |Contemporary Business Law | Copyright  © 2011 by University of PhoenixRead MoreEssay on Eth 321 Entire Course / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business6110 Words   |  25 PagesEthical and Legal Topics in Business To Buy this tutorial Copy paste below link in your Brower http://homeworkregency.com/downloads/eth-321-entire-course-ethical-and-legal-topics-in-business/ Or Visit Our Website Visit : http://www.homeworkregency.com Email Us : homeworkregency@gmail.com ETH 321 Entire Course / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business ETH 321 Complete Class / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business ETH 321 WEEK 1 Role and Functions of Law Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-wordRead MoreEth 321 Entire Course / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business6122 Words   |  25 PagesEthical and Legal Topics in Business To Buy this tutorial Copy paste below link in your Brower http://homeworkregency.com/downloads/eth-321-entire-course-ethical-and-legal-topics-in-business/ Or Visit Our Website Visit : http://www.homeworkregency.com Email Us : homeworkregency@gmail.com ETH 321 Entire Course / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business ETH 321 Complete Class / Ethical and Legal Topics in Business ETH 321 WEEK 1 Role and Functions of Law Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word

Analyzing Abortion Essay - 4822 Words

Analyzing Abortion In 1973, Roe versus Wade instigated an ongoing debate in the United States concerning the implementation of abortion (Rubin 1). Prior to Roe, abortion was illegal, however it was practiced. In 1846, a few blocks south of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village, Madame Restell performed illegal abortions to â€Å"cure† female irregularities, or pregnancies (Rubin 1). After Restell, a group called â€Å"Jane†, also known as the Abortion Counseling Service of the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, performed more than 11,000 illegal abortions from 1969-73 in Chicago alone (Horst 1). Though the Court decision lawfully settled the argument, the abortion issue developed further creating a substantial amount of turmoil between the opposing†¦show more content†¦As of 1997, 49 countries, including many industrialized European countries, have abortion legislations similar to the United States (Henshaw et al. 58). The abortion debate is controversial because it predominantly centers on society’s religious and moral beliefs. Religion is the leading variable of individuals opposing legalized abortion in the United States (Kelley). Furthermore, Kristin Luker believes that the moral positions of activists on both sides of the abortion issue reflect their individual worldviews on sexuality, family life, technology and the importance of the individual; however, the pro-choice and pro-life movements are not effective in changing people’s moral beliefs on abortion (Luker). The key issue our candidate must address is the federal government’s participation in funding state sponsored sex education programs and greater coverage of abortion costs. The public’s stance on abortion has remained relatively stable since the Roe decision. Fifty six percent of the general public feels that abortion should be legal in certain circumstances such as rape, incest or health complications. Overall, pro-life advocates’ views on abortion tend to be congruent across the board. Ninety eight percent of abortion opponents feel it is morally wrong in all circumstances (Scott). However, the pro-choice movement is more fragmented in its opinions. Twenty-seven percent of pro-choice people support abortion even though they believe it is morallyShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing Religion and Politics on Abortion Abortion has been a worldwide problem dating back to the 5th century, and nowadays it cuts through all religious denomination causing divide and discord in people’s religious stand against or for it. The 1760 BCE has shown the earliest written records about abortion in which fines were levied against the perpetrators of these crimes. The fines against this crime have been accounted in the Code of Hammurabi. In 515- 500 BCE, the Chinese wrote a note thatRead MoreAbortions Should Not Be Legal1216 Words   |  5 PagesWhen abortions were illegal, thousands of women died. Until the mid 1800s, abortions were legal and available in the United States. Both State and church permitted abortion if they occurred before quickening when the mother first perceived fetal movement. In 1847, the newly formed medical association began a campaign to professionalize medicines. Legislation restricting abortions continued to spread, and by the turn of the century, both, birth control pills, a nd abortions were illegal in mostRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Road Not Taken By Gwendolyn Brooks980 Words   |  4 PagesFor my analysis I chose to look at two poems where the authors transform the readers into the speakers. I will be analyzing â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and â€Å"the mother† by Gwendolyn Brooks. Both of these poems show decisions made on the speakers part and how the reader can relate to the speakers feelings about their decisions. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† opens with a man in the woods, looking down two equally worn paths. It is a reflection on his part. This incident happened in the past and yearsRead MoreEssay on Building a Case against Abortion1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen considered attempted murder. Why, then, is abortion considered acceptable? Today, we will address the alternatives to abortion and the abundance of medical and biblical evidence that proves abortion to be unnecessary and cruel (â€Å"When Does A Human Life Begin?†). There are many types of abortions, but they are all intended to create one result, death. For instance, a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol, the most common type of abortion pill, is designed to kill a fetus before the ninthRead MoreAbortion - the Wrong of Abortion 1706 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is one of the most controversial topics of all times. The definition most people associate with abortion is the termination of unwanted pregnancy. In their essay, â€Å"The Wrong of Abortion†, Patrick Lee and Robert P. George argue that intentional abortion is unjust and therefore objectively immoral no matter the circumstances. Also, they argue that â€Å"the burden of carrying the baby is significantly less than the harm the baby would suffer by being killed; the mother and father have a specialRead MoreNeosporosis : An Infectious Disease1102 Words   |  5 Pagesneosporosis has become a serious disease for dogs and cattle worldwide (a review). Today, neosporosis is one of the leading causes of bovine abortions in the United States, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. These three countries have reported high incidence rates of reproductive failure in the dairy industry due to neosporosis, with the most common being abortions and neonatal mortality (usda). Data gathered from these three countries has indicated that 20% of all aborted fetuses sent the diagnosticRead MoreWomen s Rights By Judith Jarvis Thomson s A Defense Of Abortion1614 Words   |  7 Pageswomen’s rights entail? For instance, should abortion be considered one of the select inalienable rights for women? This topic of human rights, specifically that of pregnant women, is discussed in Judith Jarvis Thomson’s â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†. In this defense, Thomson makes her claim â€Å"While I do argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that it is always permissible† (655 Perry). In other words Thomson has come to the co nclusion that abortion may only be permissible under certain circumstancesRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Screening On Children984 Words   |  4 Pagesfetus, including analyzing a sample of amniotic fluid or testing a few cells from the placenta. Various genetic disorders are tested for, such as mental retardation, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs. Once informed of a fetus’ potential defects, the parents can then decide to either carry the fetus to full term or terminate the pregnancy. As with any situation concerning a human life, this has produced ethical issues. For those who believe prenatal screening followed by abortion is acceptable considerRead MoreAbortion- Is It a Moral or an Immoral Choice? Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle is Abortion is a Moral Choice by Henry Morgentaler. This article upholds womens rights to abortion in the belief that it reduces the number of unwanted children and also reduces the number of adult criminals that suffer from childhood neglect or parental abuse. The title of the second article is Abortion is Immoral by John Paul II. This article objects abortion in the belief that it is a crime which kills an innocent human being and also against all Christian belief that abortion could beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1575 Words   |  7 Pageswas a 21-year-old junior at Harvard when her birth control failed and she had an abortion. ‘It allowed me to choose when to become a mother,’ she said. ‘As a mother now, I know I was correct at 21†¦ I didn’t have a college degree†¦ I didn’t have an income. I didn’t have a marriage. I didn’t have anything a child needs. And I didn’t want it† (Liptak, 2016). Brenneman, among the 24% of women who will undergo an abortion during their lifetime by the age of 45, chose the best decision for herself at that

Caring in Nursing - 1416 Words

The statement:†In an age where the scientific and the technological are weighed heavily (and often favorably) in human progress, the need to emphasize the humanizing ingredient of compassion . . . is urgent† (Roach 1987, p. 61 You are required to adopt a position on this statement (agree or disagree/take a side) and construct an argument to support your case. Your argument must be supported with evidence from a variety of relevant information sources This assignment asks Bachelor of Nursing students to adopt a position on a statement - an abbreviated quote from Roach (1987), constructing an argument supported by evidence from a variety of relevant information sources. This assignment will review literature pertaining to theoretical†¦show more content†¦Nurses care for their patients, sympathise and empathise with their patients, but they do not suffer with them. For if they did taking this to its logical or illogical conclusion would be that nurses die with their patients. Nurses do however grieve with and for their dying patients. The words ‘nurse’, ‘nurture’, and ‘nourish’ are derived from the same latin root ‘nutrix’ a roman slave woman whose function was to suckle children other than her own; that is a wet nurse. Thus implicitly the word ‘nurse’ evokes a gendered identity. This idea identity was cemented in place by Nightingale (1860) in the first modern attempt to define the role of a nurse: THE following notes . . . are meant simply to give hints for thought to women who have personal charge of the health of others. Every woman . . . has, at one time or another of her life, charge of the personal health of somebody, whether child or invalid,–in other words, every woman is a nurse. . . . It is recognized as the knowledge which every one ought to have–distinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have. [Preface] Thus nursing became medicine’s handmaiden; the nurse subservient to the doctor. Nursing was the art of caring, while medicine was the science of healing. This is a dichotomy central to the modern health care industry (Musk, 2004.) - nurses need to be technologically competent while remaining caring. Competence is the second of Roach’sShow MoreRelatedCaring : Caring And Nursing1080 Words   |  5 PagesCaring Reflection Nurses have the reputation of being caring. They run to your bedside when you call and are there to support you through your visit. Ideally, their purpose is to nurse us back to health. Nurses should focus on their ability to care for patients, as it enables a strong professional nurse and patient relationship, but they should also know their limits. Caring and Nursing Definition of Care. When I think of caring, I think of showing concern or compassion for someone. Caring is extremelyRead MoreNursing : Philosophy Of Caring Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of Caring in Nursing To care is to feel compassion towards someone or something. Are human beings generally good and trustworthy or are they selfish and greedy? If humanity is the latter, than compassion towards others is not for their greater good, but for self-gratitude. It is hard to accept this thought process if you are a nurse or even know one. Compassion means to care and without either of these, nursing would flounder. Nurses seem to have an innate caring disposition aboutRead MoreThe Caring Theory Of Nursing958 Words   |  4 Pages The Caring Theory of Nursing Oluwakemi Ajiboye Kaplan University The writer of this paper believes that caring is the basis for the decisions that nurses make in their daily practice. Health care professionals such as nurses care a lot about their clients or patients. Reflection makes nurses to care for their patients successfully while increasing their empathy for future practice. Nursing is linked to the concept of care â€Å"as nurses provide nursing care in order to help people promote andRead MoreThe Caring Attribute Of Nursing1481 Words   |  6 Pages The Caring Attribute of nursing Introduction Caring is the foundation of nursing. Caring attribute is the essential modules to provide patients with the best care possible. The caring attribute of nursing consist of 6 c’s but this essay will focus on four C’s (compassion, competence, commitment and confident). Compassion is the ability of showing empathy towards patient. Competence is having the knowledge to produce a successful care. Commitment consists of taking a pledge towards patientRead MoreNursing : A Profession Of Caring1050 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing: A Profession of Caring Going through the annals of nursing, one can unmistakably find â€Å"caring as a central concept† (Blais Hayes, 2011, p. 107) to the profession. And if one would think of nursing as a living thing, caring would be the spirit that breathes life into it. My personal philosophy of nursing as a caring profession is constructed around the four metaparadigm concepts of nursing: (1) person or client, (2) environment, (3) health, and (4) nursing. The purpose of this paperRead MoreBenefits Of Caring And Nursing862 Words   |  4 Pagesword caring comes to mind what do you think of? I can imagine there are a million thoughts running through your head. Caring is about helping people beyond what is expected, and willing to help the patient through their difficulties. It is the act of showing kindness, respect and compassion for other people. I believe that caring is the most important aspect in nursing and must be provided well in order for a patient to recover fully. Caring and Nursing There are many meanings to caring, theRead MoreThe Hazards Of Nursing : Caring1793 Words   |  8 Pages The Hazards of Nursing: Caring in an Environment of Chemicals Stephanie M. Hauge Analena M. Valdes, MSN, RN, A-SANE NURS 328: Nursing Role Transition November 16, 2016 The Hazards of Nursing: Caring in an Environment of Chemicals The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to the chemical exposure nurses may face throughout their career. Nurses are often referred to as â€Å"angels of mercy†; sadly this comes at a price. Throughout their career nurses are faced with dangers unknownRead MoreConcept Of Caring For The Nursing Profession1150 Words   |  5 Pages Concept of Caring Lindsay Seele Baker University School of Nursing One night at work my boss was telling me about how he was in a horrible accident that kept him in the hospital for three months. He confided in me that it was one of the worst experiences of his life. You may think the negative experience was because of his injuries that he sustained, but sadly it was the nursing care he received. â€Å"They made me feel like I was a burden.† This comment indicates to me that theRead MoreExploring the Importance of Caring in Nursing2770 Words   |  12 PagesFoundations of Health and Social Care Amanda Reddin Word count = 2182 In this essay I am going to show the importance of caring in nursing, and how it promotes high standards of care. Caring can be described in many ways, such as showing empathy, compassion and respect. Most caring theories incorporate all of these qualities. Every patient has complex individual needs and each patient interprets high standards in a different way. As a student nurseRead MoreProfessional Caring And Professional Nursing3506 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Nursing is about gaining and understanding concepts which can be applied in professional nursing practice. These concepts are important in professional caring because they provide tremendous benefits in promoting the quality of health and well-being of the patient. Professional caring has been identified by nursing theorist as the essence of nursing, and as a process of interaction and communication in nursing (Locsin, 1995). Professional caring is depicted through empathy, respect,

Critically analyze Brandom and Haugeland’s views regarding Cartesianism Free Essays

The concept of Cartesianism is that every and/or any thing that can be doubted must be discarded, and ideally formulated anew in order to be cemented in truthfulness. Doubting is the first way of determining whether something is useful, and if it isn’t, you discard what you know and basically reinvent it in such a way that is useful. We apply this Cartesianism in a social context when we look at society, politics and the interactions of people on any communicative grounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically analyze Brandom and Haugeland’s views regarding Cartesianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would include linguistics, thinking and any other forms of interaction that form any kind of groundwork for social and societal interaction. Using Cartesianism, we can draw distinctions between such things. We will look at the notions of language, reasoning and thinking, in terms of the works of two philosophers, Robert Brandom and John Haugeland, with the emphasis on comparing and contrasting their unique views. Brandom: Freedom, Norms, Reason and Thought Robert Brandom’s views on personal freedom were rooted in the difference between how he perceived his forerunners on the subject matter; he compared and contrasted Kant and Hegel in his work ‘Freedom and Constraint by Norms’. In this work, he critically observes the foundation from which Kant and Hegel analyzed the ideas of personal freedom, as expressed – or refuted – by norms. In order to set out these principles – freedom and norms – we must first define them. Brandom had this to say about Kant’s viewpoint: One of the most suggestive responses to the first set of concerns has been developed by the Kantian tradition: the doctrine that freedom consists precisely in being constrained by norms rather than merely by causes, answering to what ought to be as well as what is. (1979, p. 187). We assume the fact here that norms are things which become established over time by society/community, and that they determine and decide how things should be done, by the individual and by the community. Where Kant pragmatically argued that society used norms to determine the individual’s actions, Brandom also included how Hegel proposed a different approach, from a different angle: The central feature determining the character of any vision of human freedom is the account offered of positive freedom (freedom to) – those respects in which our activity should be distinguished from the mere lack of external causal constraint (freedom from) †¦ (1979, p. 187). Brandom furthers his argument by taking his proposed solution into the domain of the linguistic. He argues that the basis of norms, with regards to their use in regulating society and the individual’s role therein, requires creative expression from individuals in order to promote the Hegelian concept of idealistic, ‘positive’ freedom. Ultimately, Brandom proposes a post-Hegelian solution, one which builds on Hegel’s initial statements and ideally assists the advancement of individuals within a communal setting. In ‘A Social Route from Reasoning to Representing’, Brandom further explores the generally held principles that individual beings are capable of reasoning and reasonable thought processes. Because of this inherent trait, fostered in the upbringing of each individual, truth by inference or deductive reasoning becomes a cornerstone of the thoughts and actions of every individual. The exploration of the difference between actually thinking and thinking about something is established and represented by the accepted standard that individuals move in social circles, and so influence each other’s ideas and notions of reason. Common ground is found in these motions, or as Brandom qualifies, â€Å"the representational dimension †¦ reflects the social structure †¦ in the game of giving and asking for reason. † (2000, p. 183). Haugeland: Truth, Rules and Social Cartesianism John Haugeland approaches the idea behind the social establishments in much the same way as Brandom. He explores the same set of topics in his work ‘Truth and Rule-following’, where he mentions the idea of norms as being bound to rules and how the social circle comprised of unique individuals see such institutes. These rules are divided into factual and governing, with factual being held as understood and upheld by all and governing as normative; â€Å"how they ought to be† (Haugeland, 1998, p. 306). Haugeland also argues that these norms are upheld by a communal motion to associate and create similarities between individuals: conformity. He further proposes that social normativity can be grounded in biological normativity – the same principles and arguments can be applied, but only insofar as human beings are capable of reason, and that a biological body by contrast follows certain predetermined, preprogrammed sets or rules, while a reasoning mind can necessarily adapt around or expand on conditions and work beyond them, as a biological preset cannot. This supports the idea of governing norms being changeable, separate from objective truth. Also, social norms are enacted through the input of others, in a sense promoting a system where one member of the community checks up on the others, and vice versa. Haugeland’s case is concluded with an emphatic argument for the similarity and union between norms of reason (governing norms) and objective truth (factual norms) boiling down to being the same thing: both are in fact changeable, if in different, subjective ways. With ‘Social Cartesianism’, Haugeland explores the work of three other philosophers, objectifying the reason for his assumptions based on the use of philosophy in language, which all three works – the works of Goodman, Quine and Wittgenstein/Kripke – explore in some form. The reason for this analysis is Cartesian in origin. The first work, by Goodman, is an argument based on defining predicates – accepted rules – and testing the limits of their acceptability, in true, doubtful, Cartesian style. The work of Quine focuses on the elements of translation, of taking personally accepted norms and placing them over a culture with differing norms, thereby defining that culture according to our own way of doing things. Lastly, the debate ventured by Wittgenstein/Kripke is one of skepticism that proposes that all norms are social, not private: â€Å"In sum: if meanings must be normative, but individuals can’t impose norms on themselves, then private, individual meanings are impossible† (Haugeland, p. 219). Haugeland extrapolates that each one of these arguments is fundamentally flawed, based on the conclusion he draws regarding each of the three works’ shortcomings: they all fail to account for the real world, the world that everyone lives in and is affected by. Brandom versus Haugeland Perhaps the most obvious similarity between Brandom and Haugeland’s individual accounts and reasoning is the fact that they approach the same kinds of topics: social situation, individuality, freedom, language and thought. Despite various approaches and held viewpoints, both are compelled to a certain Cartesian way of doing things, of discarding everything or anything that is not beyond doubt and recreating these things anew by using sound reasoning. Brandom is fond of referencing Kant and Hegel and placing them in opposition against each other, most notably in stating their viewpoints from necessity and polarity: Kant held the view that norms dictated freedom and individuality, whereas Hegel was more positive in expressing his views on freedom ultimately determining norms. In a similar fashion, Haugeland approached the subject of norms and normativity, and how they affected individuals, both linguistically and thoughtfully. We will look at the comparison of norms and normativity first, and then spread outward into linguistics and thought. The view of normativity being a deciding factor, most notably on a linguistic basis, for representing the two polarities of norms and facts, is upheld by both philosophers. Brandom sees norms as something which is instituted based on reason, on the idea that they are something that is held by a communal mindset and imposed on the individual. Facts in turn are things which are accepted as a given by not only individuals but also by the community. Focusing on linguistics, Brandom draws on translation, on the action of placing or transposing one set of accepted norms – from, say, one community’s point of view – onto another community’s point of view. Note here that Haugeland also referenced the idea of translation in his critique of Quine’s work. This poses the first real contrast between Brandom and Haugeland’s points of view: Brandom poses the idea that translation promotes assimilation: By translating, rather than causally explaining some performance, we extend our community (the one which engages in the social practices into which we translate the stranger’s behavior) so as to include the stranger, and treat his performances as variants of our own. (1979, p. 191). The act of making something your own, drawing something or someone in from outside your boundaries, speaks of a shift of norms. Logically it can be argued that assimilating something new forces your way of thinking about something to be altered to accommodate what is new, even if what has been absorbed becomes a representation of something completely new and different. In this we see Brandom’s shift to the Hegelian idea of the novel, the new, being created in a positive sense in order to advance and enhance the communal whole. Haugeland contrasts by referencing Quine: â€Å"†¦ although the translations are different, there is no fact as to which of them is the ‘right’ one, because there is no ‘objective matter to be right or wrong about’. † (cited from Haugeland, ). Haugeland would seemingly disagree with Brandom’s use of translation as a means of successfully integrating norms, of taking norm and transforming it into fact. Translation still argues for something similar, not new: it presupposes a universal component that stretches through all languages. Judgment is another key concept, one bound to reason and thought. Brandom cites Kant once more in bringing to the fore the sense that one must act from thought, and that judging and acting requires a commitment, â€Å"staking a claim – undertaking a commitment† (1979, p. 164). Brandom repeats the basis of linguistics, of the game played between people, based on inference and the inherent ability to deduce and conclude. An individual can naturally deduce something spoken or gestured from another individual by making a commitment to do so. This commitment relies heavily on the shared understanding between individuals, the factual norms that are referenced again and again as a means of achieving the communal awareness of similarity. Haugeland agrees here; linguistically, words must have a normal, generic meaning in order for the speaking individual to be understood. There must be common ground. He continues by saying that â€Å"meanings, by their very nature, are normative rules,† and emphasizes this dilemma by citing this example: And the essential problem is that individuals cannot impose norms on themselves. For that would be like taking a dictator, with absolute legal authority, to be bound by her own law. But she can’t really be bound by her own law since, given her authority, if she changes her mind and does something different, that just changes the law – which is equivalent to saying that the law did not bind her in the first place. Similarly †¦ an individual cannot, on his own authority, bind himself by his private norm. (Haugeland, , p. 219). The crux of this comparison between Haugeland and Brandom is that both agree on the fact that law, in a sense, and rules, must be used to bind a norm, albeit a governing one – a norm based on reason. A person cannot be subject to his/her own norms, therefore the norms must be implemented from outside the individual; from the communal. Coming back to the linguistic component again, we can logically assume that language as a means of communication forms a regulating basis here. The words, actions and judgment of others forces a certain conformity, a means whereby an individual can operate and coexist within a community. Thought has always been at the core of the human need to define him/herself. The adage cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am) has been advanced to more complex statements. Rene Descartes advanced dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum (Latin for I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am) (Persaud, p. 259). Cartesian philosophy dwells deeply on thought processes, so it should be unsurprising that both Brandom and Haugeland spent some thought on the dynamics of applying Cartesian methods on the thought process. Haugeland praised Descartes’ input, going further than the original assumptions made by Descartes and stating that â€Å"The determinacy that matters here concerns not the formal reality of those ideas †¦ but rather their objective reality (roughly their intentional content as representations. ) (Haugeland, , p. 224). In other words, Haugeland implies that human individuals in isolation, as subjectively separate, is fairly unimportant. What matters ultimately is the collective, the union of all individuals in an objective community, not necessarily defined by the community but by their place in it, and their unique contributions to it. Brandom seems to agree by stating: The social dimension of inference [deduction] involved in the communication to others of claims that must be available as reasons [common ground] both to the speaker [individual] and to the audience [collective, community], in spite of differences in collateral commitments, is what underlies the representational dimension of discourse [communication]. (2000, p. 183). Summed up, the previous statement can be matched to Haugeland’s assumptions: the community is not the only important thing, but in order for norms, rules and laws to make sense regarding thought, language and freedom, the community or collective needs to operate on a standard of shared understanding, so that each unique individual can still function and interact with others despite the individuality. Conclusion Through using Cartesian principles regarding the discovery of usefulness, we have come to the conclusion that, with regards to using doubt as a means of determining an outcome or a reality, pragmatism is in fact a necessary element. Reality, as Haugeland would have us believe, is not simply determined by the individuals, communities and their norms only, but rather arises from the world we live in first, before casting a shadow of effects over the individual and the rest. We have argued that Brandom and Haugeland, though often different in their modes of expression and discourse, are nevertheless in agreement on many of the key aspects regarding norms, whether factual or governing, subjective or objective. At the end, Cartesian doubt influences thought, and thought influences language and interaction between people, yielding a collected sense of understanding and finally yielding a system of laws, rules and judgments that govern and regulate society and community. However, in conclusion it is perhaps better to emphasize Hegel’s idealism – as opposed to Kant’s pragmatism: that freedom be positive, to allow for creativity within the system and to not be bound by external causes such as rules and laws only. References Brandom, R. B. (2000). A Social Route from Reasoning to Representing. Articulating Reasons: an Introduction to Inferentialism. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Brandom, R. B. (1979). Freedom and Constraint by Norms. American Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 16, 13, 87-196. Haugeland, J. (). Social Cartesianism. 213-225. Haugeland, J. (1998). Truth and Rule-following. Having Thought: Essays in the metaphysics of mind. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Persaud, R. (2002) Ten Books. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 181, 258-261, Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://bjp. rcpsych. org/cgi/content/full/181/3/258. How to cite Critically analyze Brandom and Haugeland’s views regarding Cartesianism, Papers

Higher Education System in England and Australia

Question: A. Compare and contrast the primary education system in England/the UK with that of ONE country of your choice. B. Compare and contrast the secondary education system in England/the UK with that of ONE country of your choice.C. Compare and contrast the higher education system in England/The UK with that of ONE country of your choice. Answer: Introduction The education system of a country is generally divided into three parts, such as primary, secondary and higher education system. The primary and secondary education systems are the base of any tertiary education system in any of the countries and has a lot of importance in the entire education system of the country. The higher education system in England is generally split into two levels undergraduate programs and postgraduate programs. Some of the undergraduate programs in England are higher national diplomas, bachelors degrees and foundation degrees. Some of the postgraduate programs in England are doctorates, PhDs and masters degrees. The educational institutes in the higher education system of England include various universities, colleges, business schools and specialist institutions. The higher education system in Australia also consists of a number of bachelors degrees, masters degrees, PhDs and doctorates among a number of other programs. The educational institutions in the higher education system of Australia consists of 43 universities including 40 Australian universities, one private specialty university and two international universities. The higher education system in Australia is more innovative and collaborative, which puts it apart from the education system in England having similar policies (Gale, 2013). Higher education system in England and Australia The funding of the higher education system has a significant impact on the quality of the education along with the performance of the educational institutions in the corresponding system. Both the countries have been targeted for criticism for the funding of their higher education system and have been suggested to learn from each others mistakes. Some time back Deakin Universitys Jane Den Hollander stated that the recent changes in terms of cuts to the funding of Australian higher education system will have a catastrophic negative impact in terms of inability of the students to afford the high fees, cuts in the academic salaries, increase in the debts on the education loans and possible increase in job losses (Tight, 2012). The deregulation of the tuition fees in the Australian higher education system has led the universities to be in a price competition. The current funding for the higher education system in England is also deregulated, where almost all the universities charge the f ull 9,000 maximum fee for various programs (Stephenson, 2013). Another factor for comparing the higher education systems in England and Australia is the innovations implemented in the universities in the higher education system and the system itself. Both the countries have similar policies for their higher education system such as the maximum cap for the tuition fees for various higher education programs as the governments of both the countries try to mimic the educational policies from each other (Lozano, 2013). There have been a number of comparisons done in a number of platforms over time, between the higher education system in England and Australia. Such a comparison was made in The Guardian, which published an interactive timeline to show which of the educational systems implemented which innovative solution first (Shaw, 2014). This timeline shows that the Australian government was quicker to implement various innovative solutions in the higher education system and the education system in England has followed a few of the policies implemen ted in Australias education system (Bhandari, 2013). Collaboration among the universities in the higher education system of a country is another factor for comparing the education systems of the two countries. A number of surveys and researches have been done to determine the collaboration among the universities in the corresponding higher education systems. An article in The Guardian showed a perceptive comparison of the research collaboration capabilities of both the higher education systems. The author of the article, Simon Marginson is a professional associate in the University of Melbourne in Australia along with his employment at the Institute of Education in UK as a professor. This article focused on the recent strengthening of the relationship of Australia with various Asian countries (Marginson, 2016). This report also mentions the lack of research collaboration of the institutions in England with various Asian countries such as China and Singapore. The report stresses on the point that the high research collaboration of the Australian universities with that of the Asian countries, is setting the Australian higher education system at a higher level than that of Englands (Altbach, 2015). Conclusion The essay analyzed the higher education system of Australia and England with each other in terms of a number of factors. Australias higher education policies have the universities caught in a price competition, which has made the costs of higher education to be more in Australia than that of England. A number of researches have proved that the higher education system in Australia is first to implement various innovative solutions and has more research collaboration with the Asian countries than Englands higher education system. All of these comparisons between both the higher education system define them to be quite similar. The education system in Australia seems a bit more effective than that of Englands because of the higher exposure into innovation and strong relationship with the fast-growing countries across the world (Hazelkorn, 2015). This in turn allows the students of the higher education system in Australia to have a lot of opportunities for yield more value from various i nnovative policies along with the collaboration with the international students for researches. The funding structure of the higher education system of England can be restructured through a number of careful policies and changes. The fee structure can be regularized to increase the effectiveness of the higher education programs and the students could be provided with lenient education loans from various government bodies in order to enhance the popularity and strength of the higher education system of England (Amaral, 2013). References Altbach, P., 2015. Perspectives on internationalizing higher education. International Higher Education, (27). Amaral, A., Jones, G.A. and Karseth, B. eds., 2013. Governing higher education: National perspectives on institutional governance (Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Bhandari, R. and Blumenthal, P., 2013. International students and global mobility in higher education: National trends and new directions. International Studies, 1(11), pp.316-317. Gale, T. and Parker, S., 2013. Widening participation in Australia in higher education. Hazelkorn, E., 2015. Rankings and the reshaping of higher education: The battle for world-class excellence. Springer. Lozano, R., Lukman, R., Lozano, F.J., Huisingh, D. and Lambrechts, W., 2013. Declarations for sustainability in higher education: becoming better leaders, through addressing the university system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, pp.10-19. Marginson, S. 2016 Links with china: Why Australian universities are leading the way. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2014/jul/07/australian-uk-universities-links-china (Accessed: 8 August 2016). Shaw, C. 2014 Higher education policy in the UK and Australia who did what first? View our timeline to find out. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/ng-interactive/2014/jul/09/higher-education-policy-in-the-uk-and-australia-who-did-what-first-view-our-timeline-to-find-out (Accessed: 8 August 2016). Stephenson, J. and Yorke, M., 2013. Capability and quality in higher education. Routledge. Tight, M., 2012. Researching higher education. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

English Conformity Essay free essay sample

In 2001, The American Scholar derived an excerpt from a talk given by Margaret Drabble, an English author who stated, â€Å"Our desire to conform is greater than our respect for objective facts.† This quote declares that as we tend to ignore our logic sense and morals in order to fulfill society’s needs. The desire to not be distinctive can make us cohere with something we normally wouldnt agree to. As human beings we fall upon this constantly with smoking illegal substances, treating others with disrespect and the inability of implying our self morals in public. In the United States, marijuana is known as an illegal substance, yet, it does not stop teens or adults from blazing it. In fact, it happens so often now a days that its considered to be non-taboo in a variety of places. For example,Tennessee is one of the most corrupted states in the US because of marijuana, still they continue to smoke the illegal substance in order to conform with society. We will write a custom essay sample on English Conformity Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peer pressure is the blame of this cause, for example, if a young boy who endeavors to be popular and becomes friends with the in crowd; he will disregard anything, even if its not right. Conformity and selfish needs defeat logic and morals to obtain popularity. As student in high school, I have fallen to conformity many times as so have others. For instance, I have been guilt of excluding others because of different styles of wardrobe and personality; yet even though as a child I been taught to treat people as I want to be treated. Conformity is able to intrigue you to do things you never imagined, as I did. However, I ignored my morals to continue fitting in or simply out of fear of disagreement and confrontation. As humans, we have the natural instinct of being afraid of standing up for what we believe it, because others may not concur with us. In elementary school, I experienced the sight of many inferior children getting bullied as myself. Yet, nobody would speak up because were all afraid of being targeted or teased for defending the weak. Even though we acknowledge the fact that it was wrong, we continued to walk our own separate ways. Many say we are young and care too much for our reputation than our characters, but I  believe you dont have to be young to fall into conformity. Nobody is perfect, adults fall for it as well in order to keep employment, etc. Adults will do anything to maintain job like cheat, lie and steal, which is where conformity fits in. We work so hard to be accepted into society that we forget on walls and the matter we were raised. In other words, we come form to what society expects of us rather than what our hearts demand of us. Disregarding the objective facts comes so easily when we are faced with complex situations. Most of the times we choose not to do the right thing but the easiest thing at the moment.